Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2–21.īiryukov, A. “Differential cryptanalysis of the data encryption standard.” Advances in Cryptology-CRYPTO'90, eds. “Differential cryptanalysis of DES-like cryptosystems.” In Menezes and Vanstone 90, 2–21.īiham, E. “An improvement of Davies' attack on DES.” Journal of Cryptology, 10 (3), 195–206.īiham, E. “How to strengthen DES using existing hardware.” Advances in Cryptography-ASIACRYPT'94, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. Plenum Press, New York, 311–313.īiham, E. “Long key variants of DES.” Advances in Cryptology-CRYPTO'82, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, eds. However, in spite of all the controversy it is hard to underestimate the role of.īerson, T.A. After some delay, FIPS-46 was published by NBS (National Bureau of Standards)-now NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology)-on Janu (see for a discussion of the standardization process). The structure of Lucifer was significantly altered: since the design rationale was never made public and the secret key size was reduced from 128-bit to 56-bits, this initially resulted in controversy, and some distrust among the public. It took another year for a joint IBM–NSA effort to turn Lucifer into DES. DES was an outcome of a call for primitives in 1974, which did not result in many serious candidates except for a predecessor of DES, Lucifer designed by IBM around 1971. During this time the standard was revised three times: as FIPS-46-1 in 1988, as FIPS-46-2 in 1993 and as FIPS-46-3 in 1999. The Data Encryption Standard (DES) has been around for more than 25 years.
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